MiMeDB: Showing metabocard for Carnosine (MMDBc0000007)

Microbial

Human

Pharmaceutical

Xenobiotic

Record Information

Version

2.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2020-10-27 23:24:33 UTC

Update Date

2024-10-10 00:49:54 UTC

Metabolite ID

MMDBc0000007

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

Carnosine

Description

Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is found exclusively in animal tissues. It is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. Carnosine has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany ageing (e.g. protein oxidation, glycation, AGE formation, and cross-linking) and associated pathologies (PMID: 16804013 ). It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues. Some autistic patients take it as a dietary supplement and attribute an improvement in their condition to it. Supplemental carnosine may increase corticosterone levels. This may explain the "hyperactivity" seen in autistic subjects at higher doses. Carnosine also exhibits some antioxidant effects. The antioxidant mechanism of carnosine is attributed to its chelating effect against metal ions, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, and ROS and free radicals scavenging ability (PMID: 16406688 ). Carnosine is a biomarker for the consumption of meat. Carnosine is found to be associated with carnosinuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Not Available

Molecular Formula

C₉H₁₄N₄O₃

Average Mass

226.2325

Monoisotopic Mass

226.106590334

IUPAC Name

Not Available

Traditional Name

Not Available

CAS Registry Number

305-84-0

SMILES

Not Available

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C9H14N4O3/c10-2-1-8(14)13-7(9(15)16)3-6-4-11-5-12-6/h4-5,7H,1-3,10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t7-/m0/s1

InChI Key

CQOVPNPJLQNMDC-ZETCQYMHSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Functional Ontology

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Expected Solid

Predicted Properties

Not Available

Spectra

Not Available

Chromatographic Retention Times and Retention Indices

Retention Times

Chromatography Type	Technique	Column	Deposition Date	Retention Time (s)
Liquid Chromatography	HILIC	Waters Acquity UPLC-BEH Amide column (eluted)	2025-10-23	527.9
Liquid Chromatography	HILIC	Accucore 150 Amide HILIC (eluted)	2025-10-23	435.2
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Hypersil Gold 1.9 µm C18 (void)	2025-10-23	44.3
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) (eluted)	2025-10-23	235.6
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm (eluted)	2025-10-23	300.1
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Ascentis Express C18 (void)	2025-10-23	253.4
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 (void)	2025-10-23	369.8
Liquid Chromatography	HILIC	Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC (eluted)	2025-10-23	1015.8
Liquid Chromatography	HILIC	Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC (eluted)	2025-10-23	663.8
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 (eluted)	2025-10-23	154.5
Liquid Chromatography	HILIC	Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC (eluted)	2025-10-23	721.4
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 (void)	2025-10-23	161.9
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (eluted)	2025-10-23	42.0
Liquid Chromatography	HILIC	Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column (eluted)	2025-10-23	395.5
Liquid Chromatography	HILIC	Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column (eluted)	2025-10-23	702.6
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (void)	2025-10-23	68.3
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (eluted)	2025-10-23	300.5
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex (eluted)	2025-10-23	658.2
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) (eluted)	2025-10-23	545.1

Retention Indices

Chromatography Type	Peak Label	SMILES	Stationary Phase	Deposition Date	Retention Index
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_1	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)NC(=O)CCN	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1693.74
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_2	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1746.85
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_3	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN)[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1966.17
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_4	C[Si](C)(C)N1C=NC=C1C[C@H](NC(=O)CCN)C(=O)O	standard non polar	2025-10-23	2268.84
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_5	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1758.72
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_6	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1938.37
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_7	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	2079.55
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_8	C[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	2053.01
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_9	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	2189.49
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_10	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	standard non polar	2025-10-23	2286.24
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_11	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1741.3
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_12	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1538.02
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_13	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	2460.79
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_14	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	2334.88
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_15	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1476.18
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_16	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	standard non polar	2025-10-23	2832.44
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_17	C[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	2416.1
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_18	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	2087.01
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_19	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1934.19
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_20	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1935.94
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_21	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1360.78
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_22	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1504.82
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_23	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	2197.19
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_1	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)NC(=O)CCN	standard polar	2025-10-23	1766.32
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_2	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	standard polar	2025-10-23	1693.0
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_3	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN)[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	standard polar	2025-10-23	1641.86
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_4	C[Si](C)(C)N1C=NC=C1C[C@H](NC(=O)CCN)C(=O)O	standard polar	2025-10-23	1802.07
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_5	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	1801.16
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_6	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN	standard polar	2025-10-23	2094.85
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_7	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	2214.16
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_8	C[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	1474.33
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_9	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	2112.97
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_10	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	standard polar	2025-10-23	2238.61
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_11	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	standard polar	2025-10-23	2597.92
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_12	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	2285.17
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_13	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	1724.19
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_14	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	1641.56
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_15	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN)[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	1500.39
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_16	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)C(=O)O	standard polar	2025-10-23	1725.78
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_17	C[Si](C)(C)N(CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	2910.5
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_18	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O)[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	2740.21
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_19	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)NC(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	2337.65
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_20	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=C[NH]1)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	2231.54
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_21	C[Si](C)(C)NCCC(=O)N([C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	2574.96
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_22	C[Si](C)(C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[C@@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	standard polar	2025-10-23	3417.72
Gas Chromatography	Carnosine_TMS_23	C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CN=CN1[Si](C)(C)C)N(C(=O)CCN([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	1727.13

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Brain
Feces
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Kidney
Liver
Neuron
Placenta
Saliva
Skeletal Muscle
Urine

Tissue Locations

Brain
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Kidney
Liver
Neuron
Placenta
Skeletal Muscle

Associated OMIM IDs

114500 (Colorectal cancer)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

Human Proteins and Enzymes

Protein ID	Protein Name	Protein Type	Uniprot ID	Species
MMDBp0191952	Myeloperoxidase	Unknown	P05164	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192131	Beta-Ala-His dipeptidase	Unknown	Q96KN2	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0192503	Histidine decarboxylase	Enzyme	P19113	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193200	Vimentin	Enzyme	P08670	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193534	Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A/1B	Enzyme	P08107	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0193728	Solute carrier family 15 member 2	Transporter	Q16348	Homo sapiens
MMDBp0195610	Carnosine synthase 1	Unknown	A5YM72	Homo sapiens

Human Pathways

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank
1-Methylhistidine Metabolism

Microbial Pathways

Pathways

Not Available

Metabolic Reactions

Reactions

This table shows at most 20 reactions. For the full list of associated reactions:

See All Associated Reactions

Reaction ID	Precursor	Product	Enzyme	Reaction Type	Data Source	Reference

Health Effects and Bioactivity

Health Outcome/Bioactivity	Metabolite Response/Effect	Evidence Type	Host and Biospecimen	Data Source	Reference
Alzheimer's disease	Increased	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	17031479
Alzheimer's disease		Association	Human Blood	HMDB	17031479
Carnosinuria	Increased	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	2674258
Eosinophilic esophagitis		Association	Human Urine	HMDB	Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Eosinophilic esophagitis	Slight Decrease	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Carnosinuria	Slight Decrease	Association	Human Urine	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)
Carnosinuria		Association	Human Urine	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)

Microbial Sources

Superkingdom/Kingdom	Phylum	Total species	Hosts and Body Sites	Microbial Links
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Actinobacteria	120	Human ; Human feces; Human saliva; Human supragingival plaque; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human sputum; Human nasopharyngeal swab; Human mucosa; Human subgingival plaque	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Firmicutes	371	Human ; Human feces; Human sputum; Human subgingival plaque; Human saliva; Human pleural fluid plaque; Pig ; Cattle	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Bacteroidetes	117	Human ; Human feces; Human appendix biopsy; Human saliva; Human gastric fluid; Human urine; Human subgingival plaque; Human supragingival plaque	Indirect association between microbiota composition and metabolites measured in host biospecimen; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Proteobacteria	173	Human feces; Human sputum; Human ; Human unknown; Pig ; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human nasal swab; Human feces; pleural fluid plaque; bal	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Verrucomicrobia	1	Human ; Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Synergistetes	1	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Spirochaetes	1	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea	Thaumarchaeota	1		Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Fusobacteria	19	Human feces; Human	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Synergistetes	2	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea	Euryarchaeota	5		Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Tenericutes	4	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Planctomycetes	1	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea	Crenarchaeota	1		Metabolic reconstruction
Eukaryota/Fungi	Ascomycota	3	Human feces; Human saliva	Unknown

Exposure Sources

Other Exposures

Source Type	Data Source	Reference
Drugs - Antimicrobial	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Cosmetics	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Domestics	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Cosmetics	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox

Host Biospecimen and Location

Host and Biospecimen	Status	Mean	Std	Min	Max	Units	Age	Sex	Health Condition	Data Source	Reference
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified									HMDB
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	18.8	10.31			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	HMDB	17031479
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	3.28	0.91			uM	Elderly (>65 years old)	Both	Alzheimer's disease	HMDB	17031479
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			56.56	113.1	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Carnosinuria	HMDB	2674258
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.84				umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	19309105
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			0.47	35.49	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32340350
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.1	0.5			umol/mmol creatinine	Not Specified	Both	Normal	HMDB	9029640
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.2		0.2	4.1	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	2.67		0.45	36.23	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	32340350
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.24		0.55	32.95	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	32340350
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	5.5		1.4	12.6	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	24023812
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	6.54	1.0			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	17031479
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			9.70	66.50	umol/mmol creatinine	Newborn (0-30 days old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	28974263
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	6.2122	5.342			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	9.117	13.178			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Eosinophilic esophagitis	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	1.0		0.0	2.2	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Carnosinuria	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	84.8		56.5	113.0	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Both	Carnosinuria	HMDB	MetaGene: Metabolic & Genetic Information Center (MIC: http://www.metagene.de)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	18.3608	20.3166			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	34.427	47.016			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	2.380	2.113			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	3.1	7.5			uM	Infant (0-1 year old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.2	4.36			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.240	4.413			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.5	2.7			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	3.547	2.760			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.0	2.5			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.0133	2.607			umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.193	3.233			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	4.580	3.867			umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1 - 13 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Geigy Scientific Tables, 8th Rev edition, pp. 130. Edited by C. Lentner, West Cadwell, N.J.: Medical education Div., Ciba-Geigy Corp. Basel, Switzerland c1981-1992.
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	19.97				umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Shaykhutdinov RA, MacInnis GD, Dowlatabadi R, Weljie AM, Vogel HJ. Quantitative analysis of metabolite concentrations in human urine samples using 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. Metabolomics. 2009
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.115	0.290			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Normal	HMDB	Sugimoto et al. (2013) Physiological and environmental parameters associated with mass spectrometry-based salivary metabolomic profiles.
Human Saliva	Detected and Quantified	0.469	0.434			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Male	Normal	HMDB	Sugimoto et al. (2013) Physiological and environmental parameters associated with mass spectrometry-based salivary metabolomic profiles.
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified			0.00	0.10	uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	Molecular You (https://molecularyou.com)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	<12.33				umol/mmol creatinine	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	<18.21				umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified	<3.96				umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			1.81	69.68	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			2.036	36.085	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			3.05	115.48	umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Brain	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Fibroblasts	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Intestine	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Kidney	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Liver	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Neuron	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Placenta	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Skeletal muscle	Detected but not Quantified						Not Specified	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	34986597
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Children (6 - 18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27609529
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Children (6 - 18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	27609529
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	27543620
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	29808030
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32966057
Human Blood	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	32966057

External Links

Not Available

General References

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Guiotto A, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Borin G: Carnosine and carnosine-related antioxidants: a review. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(20):2293-315. doi: 10.2174/0929867054864796. [PubMed:16181134 ]
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Lee YT, Hsu CC, Lin MH, Liu KS, Yin MC: Histidine and carnosine delay diabetic deterioration in mice and protect human low density lipoprotein against oxidation and glycation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 Apr 18;513(1-2):145-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.02.010. Epub 2005 Apr 2. [PubMed:15878720 ]
Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Bertani MF, Ruiz E, Ferro A: Reaction of carnosine with aged proteins: another protective process? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:285-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02100.x. [PubMed:11976203 ]
Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Dunnett M, Harris RC, Willan PL: Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;64(1):47-50. doi: 10.1007/BF00376439. [PubMed:1735411 ]
Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Carrier MJ: Carnosine, the anti-ageing, anti-oxidant dipeptide, may react with protein carbonyl groups. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001 Sep 15;122(13):1431-45. doi: 10.1016/s0047-6374(01)00272-x. [PubMed:11470131 ]
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Showing metabocard for Carnosine (MMDBc0000007)

MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007f2e28dfc868>

3D MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007f2e28dfc868>

3D SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007f2e28dfc868>

3D-SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007f2e28dfc868>

PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007f2e28dfc868>

3D PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007f2e28dfc868>

SMILES for #<Metabolite:0x00007f2e28dfc868>

INCHI for #<Metabolite:0x00007f2e28dfc868>

Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007f2e28dfc868>

3D Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007f2e28dfc868>