MiMeDB: Showing metabocard for D-Alanine (MMDBc0000185)

Microbial

Human

Plant

Pharmaceutical

Xenobiotic

Record Information

Version

2.0

Status

Detected and Quantified

Creation Date

2020-10-27 23:38:59 UTC

Update Date

2024-10-13 07:52:12 UTC

Metabolite ID

MMDBc0000185

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

D-Alanine

Description

Alanine is a nonessential amino acid made in the body from the conversion of the carbohydrate pyruvate or the breakdown of DNA and the dipeptides carnosine and anserine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and is one of the most important amino acids released by muscle, functioning as a major energy source. Plasma alanine is often decreased when the BCAA (Branched Chain Amino Acids) are deficient. This finding may relate to muscle metabolism. Alanine is highly concentrated in meat products and other high-protein foods like wheat germ and cottage cheese. Alanine is an important participant as well as regulator in glucose metabolism. Alanine levels parallel blood sugar levels in both diabetes and hypoglycemia, and alanine reduces both severe hypoglycemia and the ketosis of diabetes. It is an important amino acid for lymphocyte reproduction and immunity. Alanine therapy has helped dissolve kidney stones in experimental animals. Normal alanine metabolism, like that of other amino acids, is highly dependent upon enzymes that contain vitamin B6. Alanine, like GABA, taurine and glycine, is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/). Alanine can be found in some Gram-positive bacteria (PMID: 24752840 ).

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Not Available

Molecular Formula

C₃H₇NO₂

Average Mass

89.0932

Monoisotopic Mass

89.047678473

IUPAC Name

Not Available

Traditional Name

Not Available

CAS Registry Number

338-69-2

SMILES

Not Available

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C3H7NO2/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h2H,4H2,1H3,(H,5,6)/t2-/m1/s1

InChI Key

QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-UWTATZPHSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Functional Ontology

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Expected Solid

Predicted Properties

Not Available

Spectra

Not Available

Chromatographic Retention Times and Retention Indices

Retention Times

Chromatography Type	Technique	Column	Deposition Date	Retention Time (s)
Liquid Chromatography	HILIC	Waters Acquity UPLC-BEH Amide column (eluted)	2025-10-23	470.9
Liquid Chromatography	HILIC	Accucore 150 Amide HILIC (eluted)	2025-10-23	355.1
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Hypersil Gold 1.9 µm C18 (void)	2025-10-23	38.9
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm, 3.5 um) (eluted)	2025-10-23	238.5
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	XBridge C18 3.5u 2.1x50 mm (void)	2025-10-23	282.3
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Ascentis Express C18 (void)	2025-10-23	359.9
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 (void)	2025-10-23	520.4
Liquid Chromatography	HILIC	Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC (eluted)	2025-10-23	751.3
Liquid Chromatography	HILIC	Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC (eluted)	2025-10-23	833.3
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 (eluted)	2025-10-23	229.5
Liquid Chromatography	HILIC	Merck SeQuant ZIC-HILIC (eluted)	2025-10-23	457.0
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 (void)	2025-10-23	249.0
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (eluted)	2025-10-23	60.8
Liquid Chromatography	HILIC	Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column (eluted)	2025-10-23	382.9
Liquid Chromatography	HILIC	Merck SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column (eluted)	2025-10-23	635.3
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (void)	2025-10-23	87.8
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (void)	2025-10-23	316.9
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Kinetex Core-Shell C18 2.6 um, 3.0 x 100 mm, Phenomenex (void)	2025-10-23	631.0
Liquid Chromatography	Reversed-phase	Waters Atlantis T3 (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 um) (eluted)	2025-10-23	584.3

Retention Indices

Chromatography Type	Peak Label	SMILES	Stationary Phase	Deposition Date	Retention Index
Gas Chromatography	D-Alanine_TMS_1	C[C@@H](N)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	2038.03
Gas Chromatography	D-Alanine_TMS_2	C[C@@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1889.36
Gas Chromatography	D-Alanine_TMS_3	C[C@@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	2444.56
Gas Chromatography	D-Alanine_TMS_4	C[C@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1858.41
Gas Chromatography	D-Alanine_TMS_5	C[C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard non polar	2025-10-23	1816.09
Gas Chromatography	D-Alanine_TMS_1	C[C@@H](N)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	1948.99
Gas Chromatography	D-Alanine_TMS_2	C[C@@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O	standard polar	2025-10-23	1887.35
Gas Chromatography	D-Alanine_TMS_3	C[C@@H](N[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	2183.73
Gas Chromatography	D-Alanine_TMS_4	C[C@H](C(=O)O)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	1906.66
Gas Chromatography	D-Alanine_TMS_5	C[C@H](C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)N([Si](C)(C)C)[Si](C)(C)C	standard polar	2025-10-23	1599.34

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Not Available

Biospecimen Locations

Blood
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Feces
Urine

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Associated OMIM IDs

114500 (Colorectal cancer)
610247 (Eosinophilic esophagitis)

Human Proteins and Enzymes

Protein ID	Protein Name	Protein Type	Uniprot ID	Species
MMDBp0191877	D-amino-acid oxidase	Unknown	P14920	Homo sapiens

Human Pathways

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank

Microbial Pathways

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/PathBank	Species
D-Alanine Metabolism
Inner Membrane Transport
L-Alanine Metabolism
Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis		Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Escherichia coli SMS-3-5 Escherichia coli UTI89 Escherichia coli 55989 Escherichia coli SE11 Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA7 Acinetobacter sp. ADP1 Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z Escherichia coli CFT073 Myxococcus xanthus DK 1622 Ochrobactrum anthropi Bacillus subtilis Pseudomonas stutzeri Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacillus cereus Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 Salmonella enterica Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus influenzae Rd KW20 Rhodospirillum rubrum ATCC 11170 Shewanella denitrificans OS217 Acinetobacter baumannii Bacillus cereus AH187 (F4810/72) Bacillus timonensis 10403023 Geobacter metallireducens Haemophilus parainfluenzae T3T1 Methylobacterium nodulans Ochrobactrum anthropi ATCC 49188 Ochrobactrum intermedium LMG 3301 Pelobacter carbinolicus Comamonas testosteroni Burkholderia cepacia Pseudomonas fluorescens Pseudomonas mendocina Pseudomonas putida Pseudomonas syringae Xanthomonas campestris Bradyrhizobium japonicum Mesorhizobium loti Sinorhizobium meliloti Methylococcus capsulatus Citrobacter koseri Proteus mirabilis Shigella boydii Shigella dysenteriae Shigella flexneri Shigella sonnei Aeromonas hydrophila Cytophaga hutchinsonii Rhodopseudomonas palustris Bacillus licheniformis Priestia megaterium Bacillus thuringiensis Desulfobacterium autotrophicum Xylella fastidiosa Roseobacter denitrificans Pelobacter propionicus Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Brachyspira pilosicoli Burkholderia vietnamiensis Sodalis glossinidius Enterobacter cancerogenus Achromobacter xylosoxidans Burkholderia multivorans Burkholderia cenocepacia Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans Citrobacter youngae Burkholderia ambifaria Alicycliphilus denitrificans Shewanella denitrificans Methylocella silvestris Escherichia albertii Geobacter bemidjiensis Geobacter lovleyi Syntrophus aciditrophicus Agrobacterium tumefaciens Haemophilus parainfluenzae Klebsiella variicola Achromobacter xylosoxidans A8 Acinetobacter baumannii SDF Acinetobacter baumannii ACICU Acinetobacter baumannii AB0057 Acinetobacter baumannii AB307-0294 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 5b str. L20 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 3 str. JL03 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 7 str. AP76 Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila ATCC 7966 Agrobacterium tumefaciens str. C58 Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987 Bacillus thuringiensis serovar konkukian str. 97-27 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 Bacillus cereus B4264 Bacillus cereus AH820 Bacillus cereus G9842 Bacillus cereus Q1 Priestia megaterium DSM 319 Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii str. W23 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM 7 Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 Citrobacter koseri ATCC BAA-895 Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC BAA-894 Delftia acidovorans SPH-1 Dyadobacter fermentans DSM 18053 Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae ATCC 13047 Escherichia coli APEC O1 Escherichia coli E24377A Escherichia coli O127:H6 str. E2348/69 Escherichia coli UMN026 Escherichia fergusonii ATCC 35469 Escherichia coli ED1a Escherichia coli IAI39 Haemophilus influenzae 86-028NP Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae MGH 78578 Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 Methylobacterium radiotolerans JCM 2831 Methylobacterium populi BJ001 Escherichia coli 042 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus PHEA-2 Edwardsiella tarda FL6-60 Proteus mirabilis HI4320 Pseudomonas putida KT2440 Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1 Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501 Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 Pseudomonas putida GB-1 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM2304 Rhodococcus erythropolis PR4 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Newport str. SL254 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Heidelberg str. SL476 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Agona str. SL483 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Dublin str. CT02021853 Shigella sonnei Ss046 Shigella dysenteriae Sd197 Shigella flexneri 5 str. 8401 Spirosoma linguale DSM 74 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a Stenotrophomonas maltophilia R551-3 Vibrio parahaemolyticus RIMD 2210633 Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. enterocolitica 8081 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis IP 31758 Bacteroides graminisolvens Bacteroides graminisolvens DSM 19988 = JCM 15093 Odoribacter laneus YIT 12061 Prevotella buccae ATCC 33574 Prevotella oralis ATCC 33269 Spirosoma linguale Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii Beijerinckia indica Bradyrhizobium elkanii Methylobacterium mesophilicum Methylobacterium mesophilicum SR1.6/6 Rhizobium etli Xanthobacter autotrophicus Alcaligenes faecalis Burkholderia cepacia GG4 Methyloversatilis universalis Methyloversatilis universalis FAM5 Desulfococcus oleovorans Bilophila wadsworthia 3_1_6 Aeromonas caviae Aeromonas media Aeromonas veronii Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens Allochromatium vinosum Cedecea davisae Cedecea davisae DSM 4568 Citrobacter amalonaticus Citrobacter amalonaticus Y19 Citrobacter freundii Citrobacter youngae ATCC 29220 Enterobacter hormaechei Escherichia albertii TW07627 Klebsiella aerogenes Salmonella Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium Trabulsiella guamensis Trabulsiella guamensis ATCC 49490 Tatumella ptyseos Tatumella ptyseos ATCC 33301 Edwardsiella tarda Edwardsiella tarda ATCC 23685 Hafnia alvei Hafnia alvei ATCC 51873 Morganella morganii Morganella morganii subsp. morganii KT Providencia rustigianii DSM 4541 Providencia stuartii ATCC 25827 Serratia marcescens subsp. marcescens Db11 Yersinia enterocolitica Yersinia pestis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Plesiomonas shigelloides 302-73 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Aggregatibacter aphrophilus Haemophilus haemolyticus Haemophilus sputorum Acinetobacter pittii Acinetobacter haemolyticus Acinetobacter johnsonii Acinetobacter johnsonii SH046 Acinetobacter junii SH205 Brachyspira pilosicoli B2904 Leptospira interrogans Brevibacterium casei Brevibacterium casei S18 Ralstonia eutropha H16 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. ATCC 33913 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. B100 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. 8004 Shewanella frigidimarina NCIMB 400 Bacillus cytotoxicus NVH 391-98 Lachnoclostridium phytofermentans ISDg Amycolatopsis mediterranei U32 Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6 Conexibacter woesei DSM 14684 Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1 Mycobacterium sp. Spyr1 Bacillus tusciae DSM 2912 Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans CB1190 Streptomyces violaceusniger Tu 4113 Streptosporangium roseum DSM 43021 Paraburkholderia graminis C4D1M Klebsiella aerogenes KCTC 2190 Acidobacterium capsulatum ATCC 51196 Acidovorax citrulli AAC00-1 Acidovorax sp. JS42 Acidovorax ebreus TPSY Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida A449 Agrobacterium vitis S4 Agrobacterium radiobacter K84 Rhodoferax ferrireducens T118 Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 Alicycliphilus denitrificans K601 Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans 2CP-C Anaeromyxobacter sp. K Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans 2CP-1 Azotobacter vinelandii DJ Mannheimia succiniciproducens MBEL55E Beijerinckia indica subsp. indica ATCC 9039 Bordetella avium 197N Brachyspira hyodysenteriae WA1 Brachyspira murdochii DSM 12563 Brachyspira pilosicoli 95/1000 Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS278 Bradyrhizobium sp. BTAi1 Brucella melitensis bv. 1 str. 16M Brucella abortus bv. 1 str. 9-941 Brucella ovis ATCC 25840 Brucella canis ATCC 23365 Brucella suis ATCC 23445 Brucella abortus S19 Brucella melitensis ATCC 23457 Brucella microti CCM 4915 Burkholderia mallei ATCC 23344 Burkholderia pseudomallei 1710b Burkholderia sp. 383 Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 Burkholderia ambifaria AMMD Burkholderia mallei NCTC 10229 Burkholderia pseudomallei 1106a Burkholderia vietnamiensis G4 Burkholderia cenocepacia MC0-3 Burkholderia ambifaria MC40-6 Burkholderia phymatum STM815 Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315 Candidatus Koribacter versatilis Ellin345 Caulobacter crescentus CB15 Caulobacter crescentus NA1000 Caulobacter segnis ATCC 21756 Cellvibrio japonicus Ueda107 Chitinophaga pinensis DSM 2588 Citrobacter rodentium ICC168 Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H Cronobacter turicensis z3032 Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 Cupriavidus taiwanensis LMG 19424 Cupriavidus necator N-1 Cytophaga hutchinsonii ATCC 33406 Desulfobacterium autotrophicum HRM2 Desulfococcus oleovorans Hxd3 Desulfomicrobium baculatum DSM 4028 Dickeya dadantii Ech703 Dickeya zeae Ech1591 Dickeya dadantii Ech586 Dickeya dadantii 3937 Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL 12 Edwardsiella ictaluri 93-146 Enterobacter sp. 638 Enterobacter cloacae SCF1 Erwinia tasmaniensis Et1/99 Erwinia amylovora CFBP1430 Erwinia billingiae Eb661 Erythrobacter litoralis HTCC2594 Flavobacterium psychrophilum JIP02/86 Geobacter metallireducens GS-15 Geobacter uraniireducens Rf4 Geobacter lovleyi SZ Geobacter bemidjiensis Bem Geobacter sp. FRC-32 Geobacter sp. M18 Gramella forsetii KT0803 Granulibacter bethesdensis CGDNIH1 Haemophilus parasuis SH0165 Haemophilus influenzae F3047 Hahella chejuensis KCTC 2396 Haliangium ochraceum DSM 14365 Halothiobacillus neapolitanus c2 Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans Hyphomonas neptunium ATCC 15444 Jannaschia sp. CCS1 Janthinobacterium sp. Marseille Klebsiella pneumoniae 342 Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo-bovis JB197 Leptothrix cholodnii SP-6 Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8 Marinomonas posidonica IVIA-Po-181 Methylobacterium chloromethanicum CM4 Methylobacterium nodulans ORS 2060 Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 Methylobacterium extorquens DM4 Methylocella silvestris BL2 Methylovorus glucosetrophus SIP3-4 Nitrobacter winogradskyi Nb-255 Nitrobacter hamburgensis X14 Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM 12444 Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri str. 306 Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai str. 56601 Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni str. Fiocruz L1-130 Sodalis glossinidius str. 'morsitans' Sorangium cellulosum 'So ce 56' Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc strain 'Patoc 1 (Paris)' Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii DSM 11347 Rhodobacter capsulatus SB1003 Pantoea ananatis LMG 20103 Paracoccus denitrificans PD1222 Parvibaculum lavamentivorans DS-1 Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida str. Pm70 Pectobacterium atrosepticum SCRI1043 Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum PC1 Pedobacter heparinus DSM 2366 Pelobacter carbinolicus DSM 2380 Pelobacter propionicus DSM 2379 Phenylobacterium zucineum HLK1 Photobacterium profundum SS9 Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii TTO1 Photorhabdus asymbiotica subsp. asymbiotica ATCC 43949 Polaromonas sp. JS666 Polaromonas naphthalenivorans CJ2 Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato str. DC3000 Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a Pseudomonas entomophila L48 Pseudomonas fulva 12-X Psychrobacter arcticus 273-4 Psychrobacter cryohalolentis K5 Rhizobium etli CFN 42 Rhizobium etli CIAT 652 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii WSM1325 Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009 Rhodopseudomonas palustris HaA2 Rhodopseudomonas palustris BisB5 Rhodospirillum centenum SW Roseobacter denitrificans OCh 114 Roseobacter litoralis Och 149 Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3 Ruegeria sp. TM1040 Saccharophagus degradans 2-40 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi A str. Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Shewanella sp. ANA-3 Shewanella amazonensis SB2B Shewanella sp. W3-18-1 Shewanella baltica OS155 Shewanella baltica OS195 Shigella flexneri 2a str. 301 Shigella boydii Sb227 Shigella boydii CDC 3083-94 Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 Sinorhizobium medicae WSM419 Sphingobium japonicum UT26S Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 Sphingopyxis alaskensis RB2256 Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans MPOB Syntrophus aciditrophicus SB Tolumonas auensis DSM 9187 Variovorax paradoxus EPS Xanthobacter autotrophicus Py2 Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria str. 85-10 Xenorhabdus bovienii SS-2004 Xenorhabdus nematophila ATCC 19061 Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c Xylella fastidiosa Temecula1 Xylella fastidiosa M23 Zymomonas mobilis subsp. pomaceae ATCC 29192 Atlantibacter hermannii NBRC 105704 Klebsiella michiganensis KCTC 1686 Chania multitudinisentens RB-25
Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis I

Metabolic Reactions

Reactions

This table shows at most 20 reactions. For the full list of associated reactions:

See All Associated Reactions

Reaction ID	Precursor	Product	Enzyme	Reaction Type	Data Source	Reference
MMDBr0018050	D-Alanine	D-Alanyl-D-alanine	D-alanine--D-alanine ligase B	Ligation	PathBank	31602464
MMDBr0018119	D-Alanine	Hydroquinone	D-amino acid dehydrogenase	Dehydrogenation	PathBank	31602464
MMDBr0018683	D-Alanine	Pyruvic acid	D-amino acid dehydrogenase	Dehydrogenation	PathBank	31602464
MMDBr0018939	1,6-Anhydrous-N-Acetylmuramyl-tetrapeptide	D-Alanine	Murein tetrapeptide carboxypeptidase	Peptide hydrolysis	PathBank	31602464
MMDBr0025556	D-Alanine	diphosphate	D-alanine--D-alanyl carrier protein ligase	Ligation	RHEA	34755880
MMDBr0026116	D-Alanine	N-acetyl-D-glutamine	D-amino-acid N-acetyltransferase HPA3	Acetylation	RHEA	34755880
MMDBr0026126	L-Alanine	D-Alanine	Broad substrate specificity amino-acid racemase	Racemization	RHEA	34755880

Health Effects and Bioactivity

Health Outcome/Bioactivity	Metabolite Response/Effect	Evidence Type	Host and Biospecimen	Data Source	Reference
Propionic acidemia		Association	Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	HMDB	19809936

Microbial Sources

Superkingdom/Kingdom	Phylum	Total species	Hosts and Body Sites	Microbial Links
Eukaryota	Apicomplexa	1		Microbial culture
Eukaryota	Apicomplexa	1		Microbial culture
Eukaryota	Euglenozoa	1		Microbial culture
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Firmicutes	675	Human feces; Goat feces; Sheep feces; Human ; Human vaginal secretion; Human pleural fluid plaque; Pig ; Human sputum; Human subgingival plaque; Human saliva; Human urine; Human mucosa; Human supragingival plaque; Cattle ; Catfish	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Proteobacteria	588	Human feces; Human sputum; Human ; Human unknown; Pig ; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human nasal swab; Human feces; pleural fluid plaque; bal; Cattle ; River trout ; Rat ; Turkey ; Sheep ; Lion ; Chicken ; American dog tick ; Human subgingival plaque	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Bacteroidetes	137	Human feces; Human appendix biopsy; Human ; Human saliva; Human gastric fluid; Human urine; Human subgingival plaque; Human supragingival plaque	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Eukaryota	Euglenozoa	1		Microbial culture
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Synergistetes	4	Human feces	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Actinobacteria	199	Human feces; Human sputum; Human bronchial brush; Human nasopharyngeal swab; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human ; Human mucosa; Human supragingival plaque; Human subgingival plaque; Human saliva; Cattle	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Verrucomicrobia	2	Human ; Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Firmicutes	5	Human feces; Goat feces; Sheep feces; Human ; Human vaginal secretion; Human pleural fluid plaque; Pig ; Human sputum; Human subgingival plaque; Human saliva; Human urine; Human mucosa; Human supragingival plaque; Cattle ; Catfish	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Spirochaetes	18	Human feces; Human ; Relapsing fever tick	Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea	Thaumarchaeota	1		Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Fusobacteria	24	Human feces; Human	Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea	Euryarchaeota	6		Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Candidatus melainabacteria	1	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Planctomycetes	2	Human feces	Metabolic reconstruction
Archaea	Crenarchaeota	2		Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria	Synergistetes	1	Human feces	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Cyanobacteria	32	Human
Bacteria	Proteobacteria	6	Human feces; Human sputum; Human ; Human unknown; Pig ; Human pleural fluid plaque; Human dental plaque; Human nasal swab; Human feces; pleural fluid plaque; bal; Cattle ; River trout ; Rat ; Turkey ; Sheep ; Lion ; Chicken ; American dog tick ; Human subgingival plaque	Microbial culture; Metabolic reconstruction
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Aquificae	2
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Chlorobi	11
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Deinococcus-thermus	5
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Thermotogae	8
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Chloroflexi	1
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Acidobacteria	1
Bacteria	nah	2
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Nitrospirae	1
Bacteria/Eubacteria	Chlamydiae	4	Human
Archaea/Archaea	Euryarchaeota	2		Metabolic reconstruction
Eukaryota/Fungi	Ascomycota	3	Human feces; Human saliva	Unknown

Exposure Sources

Food Exposures

Other Exposures

Source Type	Data Source	Reference
Drugs - Antimicrobial	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Cosmetics	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox
Domestics	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	CompTox

Host Biospecimen and Location

Host and Biospecimen	Status	Mean	Std	Min	Max	Units	Age	Sex	Health Condition	Data Source	Reference
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	18085514
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	78				uM	Not Specified	Not Specified	propionic acidemia	HMDB	19809936
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	263.8 (51.5)				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Early preeclampsia	HMDB	22494326
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	332.1 (184.2)				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	22494326
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	366.8 (204.8)				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Late-onset preeclampsia	HMDB	23159745
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	323.8 (151.2)				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	23159745
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	247.2 (89.1)				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Down syndrome pregnancy	HMDB	23313728
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	231.9 (87.3)				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	23313728
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	258.62	85.38			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	23535240
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	293.4	83.44			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy with fetuses with trisomy 18	HMDB	23535240
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	284.62 (65.96)				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect	HMDB	24704061
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	267.32 (53.39)				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	24704061
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	25985090
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	496.62(101.29)				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction	HMDB	26010610
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	444.61(116.67)				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	26010610
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	448.89(115.71)				uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	26010610
Human Urine	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Bladder cancer	HMDB	28157703
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	29808030
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			10.52	340.09	umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			11.42	169.68	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			7.24	146.94	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			4.98	92.078	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			5.77	78.73	umol/mmol creatinine	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			6.33	58.6	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	263.8	51.5			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Early preeclampsia	HMDB	22494326
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	366.8	204.8			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Late-onset preeclampsia	HMDB	23159745
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	231.9	87.3			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	23313728
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	258.62	85.38			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	23535240
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	267.32	53.39			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	24704061
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	323.8	151.2			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	23159745
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	332.1	184.2			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Female	Pregnancy	HMDB	22494326
Human Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)	Detected and Quantified	78				uM	Not Specified	Not Specified	propionic acidemia	HMDB	19809936
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	444.61	116.67			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	26010610
Human Blood	Detected and Quantified	448.89	115.71			uM	Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	26010610
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			10.52	340.09	umol/mmol creatinine	Infant (0-1 year old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			11.42	169.68	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			4.98	92.078	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			5.77	78.73	umol/mmol creatinine	Adolescent (13-18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			6.33	58.60	umol/mmol creatinine	Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Urine	Detected and Quantified			7.24	146.94	umol/mmol creatinine	Children (1-13 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	Mayo Clinic (https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/AAPD)
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	18085514
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Not Specified	Normal	HMDB	25985090
Human Feces	Detected but not Quantified						Adult (>18 years old)	Both	Normal	HMDB	29808030

External Links

HMDB ID

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DrugBank ID

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Phenol Explorer Compound ID

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FooDB ID

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KNApSAcK ID

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Chemspider ID

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KEGG Compound ID

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BioCyc ID

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BiGG ID

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Wikipedia Link

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METLIN ID

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Food Biomarker Ontology

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General References

Nagata Y, Masui R, Akino T: The presence of free D-serine, D-alanine and D-proline in human plasma. Experientia. 1992 Oct 15;48(10):986-8. doi: 10.1007/BF01919147. [PubMed:1426150 ]
D'Aniello A, Vetere A, Fisher GH, Cusano G, Chavez M, Petrucelli L: Presence of D-alanine in proteins of normal and Alzheimer human brain. Brain Res. 1992 Oct 2;592(1-2):44-8. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91656-y. [PubMed:1450921 ]
Fisher GH, D'Aniello A, Vetere A, Padula L, Cusano GP, Man EH: Free D-aspartate and D-alanine in normal and Alzheimer brain. Brain Res Bull. 1991 Jun;26(6):983-5. doi: 10.1016/0361-9230(91)90266-m. [PubMed:1933416 ]
Fukushima T, Santa T, Homma H, Nagatomo R, Imai K: Determination of D-amino acids in serum from patients with renal dysfunction. Biol Pharm Bull. 1995 Aug;18(8):1130-2. doi: 10.1248/bpb.18.1130. [PubMed:8535409 ]
Hamase K, Konno R, Morikawa A, Zaitsu K: Sensitive determination of D-amino acids in mammals and the effect of D-amino-acid oxidase activity on their amounts. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Sep;28(9):1578-84. doi: 10.1248/bpb.28.1578. [PubMed:16141519 ]
Radkov AD, Moe LA: Bacterial synthesis of D-amino acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014 Jun;98(12):5363-74. doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-5726-3. Epub 2014 Apr 22. [PubMed:24752840 ]

Showing metabocard for D-Alanine (MMDBc0000185)

MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007f9ac819fc20>

3D MOL for #<Metabolite:0x00007f9ac819fc20>

3D SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007f9ac819fc20>

3D-SDF for #<Metabolite:0x00007f9ac819fc20>

PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007f9ac819fc20>

3D PDB for #<Metabolite:0x00007f9ac819fc20>

SMILES for #<Metabolite:0x00007f9ac819fc20>

INCHI for #<Metabolite:0x00007f9ac819fc20>

Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007f9ac819fc20>

3D Structure for #<Metabolite:0x00007f9ac819fc20>